Air pollution is a growing concern in rapidly urbanizing cities like Kolkata. This study investigates the spatial and temporal patterns of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations from 2019 to 2023 and examines their associations with land surface temperature (LST), vegetation (NDVI), and built-up areas (NDBI). Using satellite data from Sentinel-5P and Landsat 8, processed in Google Earth Engine (GEE), the study analyzed 1,060 grid cells at a 0.02° × 0.02° resolution. Results show moderate correlations of NO₂ with LST (R² = 0.147 in 2022) and NDBI (R² = 0.127 in 2020), and of CO with LST (R² = 0.076 in 2021) and NDVI (R² = 0.042 in 2020). Bivariate classification identified pollution hotspots aligning with urban heat islands. The study supports SDGs 3, 11, and 13 by providing critical insights into urban air quality dynamics, promoting sustainable urban planning and targeted pollution mitigation strategies.
