Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) represent a promising platform for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), primarily due to their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and deliver therapeutic agents efficiently. These nanocarriers encapsulate sensitive molecules such as peptides, nucleic acids, and small drugs, protecting them from enzymatic degradation and premature clearance. By enabling targeted delivery to specific brain regions, LNPs not only improve therapeutic efficacy but also minimize off-target effects and systemic toxicity. Engineered for controlled release and precision targeting, bioactive LNPs are composed of physiologically compatible lipids, surfactants, and functional ligands that enhance drug bioavailability and facilitate receptor- or charge-mediated transport across the BBB. Moreover, their lipid composition can exert synergistic neuroprotective effects, further amplifying the therapeutic outcome. Current clinical trials are actively evaluating the safety and efficacy of LNP-based formulations for neurological applications. Future research will focus on optimizing LNP design, improving drug loading efficiency, enhancing BBB penetration, and integrating multi-functional capabilities for tailored, high-impact therapies in neurodegenerative diseases.
